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How Many Animals Are Eaten Each Year

Written By Friday, May 20, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Killing of animals for human food

The Butcher and his Servant (1568), fatigued and engraved by Jost Amman

Number of Land Animals Killed for Meat in 2019[1]
Animals Number Killed
Chickens

72,118,779,000

Ducks

iii,311,899,000

Pigs

1,348,541,419

Geese

723,648,000

Turkeys

635,955,000

Rabbits

633,013,000

Sheep

602,319,130

Goats

502,808,495

Cattle

324,518,029

Rodents

70,977,000

Pigeons and other birds

46,216,000

Water buffalo

27,692,388

Horses

4,940,693

Camels

2,991,884

Donkeys

1,958,602

Other camelids

967,656

Deers

628,542

Mules

130,804

Animal slaughter is the killing of animals, usually referring to killing domestic livestock. It is estimated that each year 80 billion state animals are slaughtered for food.[1] In full general, the animals would be killed for food; however, they might also be slaughtered for other reasons such as beingness diseased and unsuitable for consumption. The slaughter involves some initial cutting, opening the major body cavities to remove the entrails and offal but usually leaving the carcass in one slice. Such dressing tin be done by hunters in the field (field dressing of game) or in a slaughterhouse. Later, the carcass is normally butchered into smaller cuts.

The animals nigh ordinarily slaughtered for food are cattle and water buffalo for beefiness and veal, sheep for lamb and mutton, goats for goat meat, pigs for pork, deers for venison, horses for horse meat, poultry (mainly chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese), insects (a commercial species is the house cricket), and increasingly, fish in the aquaculture industry (fish farming). In 2020, Faunalytics found that the countries with the largest number of slaughtered cows and chickens are Mainland china, the Usa, and Brazil. Concerning pigs, they are slaughtered past far the nearly in China, followed by the The states, Germany, Spain, Vietnam, and Brazil. Looking at the percentage graph for sheep, we discover once more that China slaughtered the most sheep, this fourth dimension followed past Australia and New Zealand. Finally, the amount (in tonnes) of fish used for production is highest in China, Republic of indonesia, Peru, India, Russia, and the U.s. (in that order).[2]

Modernistic history [edit]

The apply of a sharpened blade for the slaughtering of livestock has been practised throughout history. Prior to the development of electrical stunning equipment, some species were killed past but striking them with a blunt instrument, sometimes followed past exsanguination with a knife.[ commendation needed ]

The conventionalities that this was unnecessarily cruel and painful to the animal eventually led to the adoption of specific stunning and slaughter methods in many countries. One of the showtime campaigners on the matter was the eminent dr., Benjamin Ward Richardson, who spent many years of his later working life developing more than humane methods of slaughter as a result of attempting to discover and adapt substances capable of producing full general or local anaesthesia to save pain in people. As early as 1853, he designed a sleeping room that could kill animals by gassing them. He besides founded the Model Abattoir Society in 1882 to investigate and campaign for humane methods of slaughter and experimented with the utilize of electric current at the Royal Polytechnic Institution.[3]

The development of stunning technologies occurred largely in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1911, the Council of Justice to Animals (later the Humane Slaughter Association, or HSA) was established in England to improve the slaughter of livestock.[four] In the early 1920s, the HSA introduced and demonstrated a mechanical stunner, which led to the adoption of humane stunning by many local regime.[5]

The HSA went on to play a key role in the passage of the Slaughter of Animals Act 1933. This made the mechanical stunning of cows and electrical stunning of pigs compulsory, with the exception of Jewish and Muslim meat.[5] [six] Modern methods, such as the convict bolt pistol and electric tongs were required, and the human activity's wording specifically outlawed the poleaxe. The period was marked by the development of diverse innovations in slaughterhouse technologies, not all of them particularly long-lasting.[ citation needed ]

Methods [edit]

Stunning [edit]

Various methods are used to render an animal unconscious during animal slaughter.

Electrical (stunning or slaughtering with electric electric current known as electronarcosis)
This method is used for swine, sheep, calves, cattle, and goats.[ citation needed ] Current is applied either across the brain or the heart to render the brute unconscious before beingness killed. In industrial slaughterhouses, chickens are killed prior to scalding by beingness passed through an electrified water-bath while shackled.[vii]
Gaseous (Carbon dioxide)
This method can exist used for sheep, calves and swine. The animal is asphyxiated by the use of CO2 gas before being killed. In several countries, CO2 stunning is mainly used on pigs. A number of pigs enter a chamber which is and so sealed and filled with lxxx% to 90% CO2 in air. The pigs lose consciousness within 13 to thirty seconds. Older research produced conflicting results, with some showing pigs tolerated CO2 stunning and others showing they did not.[8] [9] [10] Nonetheless, the electric current scientific consensus is that the "inhalation of high concentration of carbon dioxide is aversive and can be lamentable to animals."[11] Nitrogen has been used to induce unconsciousness, often in conjunction with COtwo. Domestic turkeys are averse to loftier concentrations of CO2 (72% CO2 in air) but not low concentrations (a mixture of xxx% CO2 and 60% argon in air with 3% residual oxygen).[12]

Stunning a cow with a captive bolt pistol

A hen being slaughtered in Brazil

Mechanical (Captive bolt pistol)
This method can be used for sheep, swine, goats, calves, cattle, horses, mules, and other equines. A convict bolt pistol is applied to the head of the animal to rapidly return them unconscious before being killed. There are three types of captive commodities pistols, penetrating, not-penetrating and free bolt. The use of penetrating captive bolts has largely been discontinued in commercial situations to minimize the risk of manual of illness when parts of the brain enter the bloodstream.[ citation needed ]
Firearm (gunshot/free bullet)
This method tin be used for cattle, calves, sheep, swine, goats, horses, mules, and other equines. Information technology is also the standard method for taking down wild game animals such as deer with the intention of consuming their meat. A conventional firearm is used to fire a bullet into the encephalon or through the eye of the animal to render the fauna quickly unconscious (and presumably dead).

Killing [edit]

Video of hen being slaughtered

Exsanguination
The animal either has its throat cutting or has a chest stick inserted cutting close to the centre. In both these methods, main veins and/or arteries are cut and allowed to bleed.[thirteen] [14]
Manual
Used on poultry and other animals; unlike methods are practiced, hither are some examples: a) grabbing the bird past the head so snapping its neck using quick and fast movements b) the bird is put upside downward inside a metal funnel, then the head is either quickly cut or striking using the dorsum stop of a machete or knife. c) cattle, sheep and goats are tied then struck multiple times in the caput with a sledgehammer until the animal dies or losses consciousness.
Drug administration
Drug administration is used to ensure the fauna is dead.[ commendation needed ] Nonetheless, being that this method is expensive, time-consuming, and renders the animals' bodies toxic and inedible, it is mainly used for animal euthanasia, non every bit a commercialized slaughter method.

Preslaughter treatment [edit]

Inside a truck transporting farm animals to slaughter. Dehydration, injuries, stress, and illness are mutual during preslaughter transport, and cramped and unhygienic conditions are typical of the procedure.

Whether animals are humanely stunned before slaughter or not, they tin suffer stress while waiting to exist killed.[xv] A 1996 veterinary review establish that in that location are many means in which animals suffer and die during the preslaughter period. They include:

  • Dehydration: Animals may non be provided with water at market or during their journeying to the abattoir and may get in dehydrated. The effects of severe dehydration include astringent thirst, nausea, a hot-dry torso, dry out tongue, loss of co-ordination and concentrated urine of a small volume.
  • Emotional stress during transport: The unfamiliarity of being on board a send truck causes fear in animals, and if they are cooped up with others who they do not know, they may commencement fighting. The noise and jolting of the truck as well causes stress and cows, pigs, horses and birds are at item hazard of suffering from motion sickness.
  • Temperature stress during transport: Some animals dice considering of the estrus that develops in the closely confined conditions on board the ship truck. During ship, animals are not able to express all the behaviors which normally let them to keep cool similar seeking shade, wallowing, licking their fur or stretching their wings and legs. During transport the merely useful way they can dissipate estrus is past panting. In colder climates, the animals can be exposed to extreme low temperatures, resulting in hypothermia.
  • Torn pare, bruising and injury: Caused by rough handling of animals, such as beating the animals with sticks when they reject to move forward or dragging them forth the ground when they fall down. The insults which lead to bruising may be painful, and the swelling and inflammation associated with a bruise lead to a longer-lasting pain.
  • Sickness and disease: Farmers vary betwixt countries in their attitude as to which sick and diseased animals can exist sent for slaughter. Some accept the view that the slaughterhouses are adept at salvaging what they tin from carcasses and so almost diseased animals are sent in, whereas in other countries farmers capeesh that diseased stock are low grade and their likely low return does not justify sending them in. Sickness and disease are 2 of the nearly serious forms of animal suffering and transporting seriously ill animals imposes an boosted stress.
  • Fecal soiling: In some countries, especially where animals come off lush pasture, transport is the main menses when they pick up body surface fecal contamination. The emotional stress associated with transport no doubtfulness induces defecation and this compounds the problem.

National laws [edit]

Europe [edit]

A hog being slaughtered in Italian republic.

The measures for sanitary checks, animal welfare protection and slaughtering procedures are harmonised throughout the European Wedlock, and detailed by the European Commissions' regulations CE 853/2004, 854/2004 and 1099/2009.[ citation needed ]

Canada [edit]

In Canada, the treatment and slaughter of food animals is a shared responsibility of the Canadian Nutrient Inspection Agency (CFIA), industry, stakeholders, transporters, operators and every person who handles alive animals. Canadian law requires that all federally registered slaughter establishments ensure that all species of food animals are handled and slaughtered humanely. The CFIA verifies that federal slaughter establishments are compliant with the Meat Inspection Regulations. The CFIA'south humane slaughter requirements have upshot when the animals arrive at the federally registered slaughter establishment. Industry is required to comply with the Meat Inspection Regulations for all animals under their care. The Meat Inspection Regulations ascertain the conditions for the humane slaughter of all species of food animals in federally registered establishments. Some of the provisions contained in the regulations include:

  • guidelines and procedures for the proper unloading, holding and motility of animals in slaughter facilities
  • requirements for the segregation and treatment of ill or injured animals
  • requirements for the humane slaughter of food animals[xvi]

Great britain [edit]

Animal slaughter in the UK is governed under both its own laws and European union police regarding slaughter. The Department for Environs, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is the main governing body responsible for legislation and codes of practice covering animal slaughter in the Great britain.[ commendation needed ]

In the Britain the methods of slaughter are largely the same as those used in the United States with some differences. The use of captive bolt equipment and electrical stunning are canonical methods of stunning sheep, goats, cattle and calves for consumption[fourteen]- with the employ of gas reserved for swine.[17]

Until 2004, it was illegal to slaughter animals in sight of their conspecifics (members of the same species) because information technology was thought to cause them distress. However, in that location was a concern that moving the animals away from their conspecifics to a unlike identify to be slaughtered would increment the stun-to-impale time (fourth dimension betwixt stunning the animal and killing it) for the stunned animal, increasing the risk the fauna would regain consciousness and information technology was consequently recommended that slaughter in front of conspecifics be permitted alongside a mandatory limit on stun-to-kill time. Legislation was introduced which immune animals to be slaughtered in sight of their conspecifics only at that place was no legislation for a legal maximum stun-to-kill fourth dimension. Some critics debate that this resulted in the "worst of both worlds", as information technology mean that the slaughter methods at present acquired distress to conspecifics without reliably ensuring the animals were killed before regaining consciousness.[18]

United States [edit]

In the United States, the United states of america Section of Agriculture (USDA) specifies the approved methods of livestock slaughter:[19]

Each of these methods is outlined in detail, and the regulations require that inspectors place operations which cause "undue" "excitement and discomfort" of animals.

In 1958, the police force that is enforced today past the USDA Food Rubber and Inspection Service (FSIS) was passed as the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958. This Deed requires the proper treatment and humane handling of all food animals slaughtered in USDA inspected slaughter plants. It does not utilize to chickens or other birds.[20]

4D Meat [edit]

Meat from animals which are dead, diseased, disabled or dying (iv-D meat) on the arrival at the abattoir is oft salvaged for rendering,[21] and used by a wide range of industries including pet nutrient manufacturers, zoos, greyhound kennels, and mink ranches.[22]

The U.S. Code (Title 21, Chapter 12, Subchapter Two, § 644) [23] Regulates transactions, transportation, or importation of 4–D animals to prevent utilise as human nutrient:

"No person, business firm, or corporation engaged in the business concern of buying, selling, or transporting in commerce, or importing, dead, dying, disabled, or diseased animals, or whatsoever parts of the carcasses of any animals that died otherwise than by slaughter, shall buy, sell, transport, offer for sale or transportation, or receive for transportation, in commerce, or import, any dead, dying, disabled, or diseased cattle, sheep, swine, goats, horses, mules or other equines, or parts of the carcasses of whatever such animals that died otherwise than by slaughter, unless such transaction, transportation or importation is made in accord with such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe to assure that such animals, or the unwholesome parts or products thereof, will exist prevented from existence used for human being food purposes."

The 2004 written report to US Congress titled "Brute Rendering: Economics and Policy",[24] available in the library of Congressional Research Service, in the 'Introduction' paragraph explains Renderers in the Us and Canada convert expressionless animals and other waste product material into sellable products:

"Renderers convert dead animals and animal parts that otherwise would crave disposal into a variety of materials, including edible and inedible tallow and lard and proteins such as meat and bone repast (MBM). These materials in turn are exported or sold to domestic manufacturers of a wide range of industrial and consumer goods such as livestock feed and pet food, soaps, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, plastics, personal care products, and fifty-fifty crayons."

Although some authors have constitute health issues associated with the consumption of 4D meat by certain species in its raw form,[25] or constitute it potentially hazardous,[26] FDA considers it fit for fauna consumption:

"Pet nutrient consisting of material from diseased animals or animals which accept died otherwise than by slaughter, which is in violation of 402(a)(five) will non ordinarily be actionable, if it is not otherwise in violation of the law. It volition be considered fit for animal consumption." [27]

Religious laws [edit]

Ritual slaughter is the overarching term accounting for various methods of slaughter used past religions around the world for food production. While keeping religious autonomy, these methods of slaughter, within the U.s., are governed by the Humane Slaughter Human action and various religion-specific laws, well-nigh notably, Shechita and Dhabihah.

Jewish law (Shechita) [edit]

Brute slaughter in Judaism falls in accordance to the religious law of Shechita. In preparation, the animal being prepared for slaughter must be considered kosher (fit) before the act of slaughter can commence and consumed. The basic constabulary of the Shechita process requires the rapid and uninterrupted severance of the major vital organs and vessels. They slit the throat, resulting in a quick drop in claret pressure, restricting blood to the brain. This abrupt loss of pressure results in the rapid and irreversible cessation of consciousness and sensibility to pain (a requirement held in high regard by nearly institutions.)[28]

Islamic police force (Dhabihah) [edit]

Creature slaughtering in Islam is in accordance with the Qur'an. To slaughter an animal is to crusade it to pass from a living country to a dead state. For the meat to be lawful (Halal) co-ordinate to Islam, it must come from an animal which is a member of a lawful species and it must be ritually slaughtered, i.e. according to the Law, or the sole code recognized by the grouping as legitimate. The brute is killed in ways similar to the Jewish ritual with the throat being slit (dhabh), resulting in a quick drop in blood pressure, restricting blood to the encephalon. This abrupt loss of pressure results in the rapid and irreversible abeyance of consciousness and sensibility to hurting (a requirement held in high regard past most institutions.). The slaughterer must say Bismillah (In the name of Allah/God) before slaughtering the animal.[29] Claret must be drained out of the carcass.[xxx]

Sikh customs (Jhatka) [edit]

The exercise of Jhatka in India adult out of the Sikh tradition in accordance with the value of Ahimsa (no harm). Sikhs believe that an animal should be slaughtered rapidly and with as little pain as possible in order to reduce bad Karma that may outcome from such a exercise. In Bharat today most establishments volition provide both Halal and Jhatka options for dishes containing chicken and lamb. Jhakta meat is not widely bachelor exterior India. Jhatka meat is also frequently considered to exist the preferred method of slaughter for Sikhs in India and away.

Effects on livestock workers [edit]

In 2010, Homo Rights Scout described slaughterhouse line work in the United states as a man rights criminal offence.[31] Slaughterhouses in the United States commonly illegally use and exploit underage workers and illegal immigrants.[32] [33] In a study by Oxfam America, butchery workers were observed non being immune breaks, were often required to vesture diapers, and were paid below minimum wage.[34]

American slaughterhouse workers are three times more than likely to suffer serious injury than the average American worker.[35] NPR reports that pig and cattle butchery workers are nearly 7 times more probable to endure repetitive strain injuries than average.[36] The Guardian reports that on average there are 2 amputations a week involving slaughterhouse workers in the United States.[37] On average, 1 employee of Tyson Foods, the largest meat producer in America, is injured and amputates a finger or limb per month.[38] The Agency of Investigative Journalism reported that over a menstruum of six years, in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland 78 slaughter workers lost fingers, parts of fingers or limbs, more than 800 workers had serious injuries, and at least 4,500 had to have more three days off afterwards accidents.[39] In a 2018 study in the Italian Journal of Food Safety, slaughterhouse workers are instructed to wear ear protectors to protect their hearing from the abiding screams of animals being killed.[40] A 2004 study in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine found that "backlog risks were observed for mortality from all causes, all cancers, and lung cancer" in workers employed in the New Zealand meat processing industry.[41]

The worst affair, worse than the physical danger, is the emotional toll. If you lot work in the stick pit [where hogs are killed] for whatever period of time—that permit'south [sic] you impale things merely doesn't let yous care. Yous may await a hog in the eye that'due south walking around in the blood pit with you lot and recall, 'God, that really isn't a bad looking creature.' You may want to pet it. Pigs downwards on the kill floor have come up up to nuzzle me similar a puppy. Two minutes later I had to kill them – beat out them to death with a pipe. I tin can't care.

—Gail A. Eisnitz, [42]

The act of slaughtering animals, or of raising or transporting animals for slaughter, may engender psychological stress or trauma in the people involved.[43] [44] [45] A 2016 written report in Organisation indicates, "Regression analyses of data from 10,605 Danish workers across 44 occupations propose that slaughterhouse workers consistently feel lower physical and psychological well-beingness along with increased incidences of negative coping behavior."[46] In her thesis submitted to and approved by Academy of Colorado, Anna Dorovskikh states that slaughterhouse workers are "at risk of Perpetration-Inducted Traumatic Stress, which is a form of posttraumatic stress disorder and results from situations where the concerning subject suffering from PTSD was a causal participant in creating the traumatic situation."[47] A 2009 report by criminologist Amy Fitzgerald indicates, "slaughterhouse employment increases full arrest rates, arrests for tearing crimes, arrests for rape, and arrests for other sex offenses in comparison with other industries."[48] As authors from the PTSD Journal explicate, "These employees are hired to impale animals, such as pigs and cows that are largely gentle creatures. Carrying out this activeness requires workers to disconnect from what they are doing and from the creature continuing before them. This emotional dissonance tin lead to consequences such as domestic violence, social withdrawal, feet, drug and alcohol corruption, and PTSD."[49]

Public attitudes [edit]

Even though around 90% of The states adults regularly consume meat,[50] almost one-half of them announced to back up a ban on slaughterhouses: in Sentience Found's 2017 survey on attitudes towards brute farming with i,094 U.s. adults 49% of them "support a ban on factory farming, 47% support a ban on slaughterhouses, and 33% support a ban on animal farming".[51] [52] [53] The 2017 survey was replicated by researchers at the Oklahoma Country University, who found similar result. They also got 73% of respondents answering "yes" to the question "Were you aware that slaughterhouses are where livestock are killed and processed into meat, such that, without them, you lot would not be able to swallow meat?".[54] [55]

In the United States, many public protest slaughters were held in the tardily 1960s and early 1970s by the National Farmers Arrangement. Protesting low prices for meat, farmers would kill their own animals in front of media representatives. The carcasses were wasted and not eaten. However, this effort backfired because it angered television audiences to meet animals being needlessly and wastefully killed.[56]

Fauna welfare [edit]

There has been controversy over whether or not animals should be slaughtered and over the various methods used. Some people believe sentient beings should not be harmed regardless of the purpose, or that meat product is an insufficient justification for harm.[57]

Religious slaughter laws and practices have e'er been a subject area of debate, and the certification and labeling of meat products remain to be standardized. Brute welfare concerns are being addressed to better slaughter practices past providing more training and new regulations. There are differences between conventional and religious slaughter practices, although both have been criticized on grounds of animal welfare. Concerns well-nigh religious slaughter focus on the stress caused during the preparation stages earlier the slaughtering, pain and distress that may be experienced during and after the cervix cutting and the worry of a prolonged period of fourth dimension of lost brain function during the points between expiry and preparation if a stunning technique such as electronarcosis is not practical.[58]

See also [edit]

  • Animal cede
  • Carnism
  • Controlled-atmosphere killing
  • Fish slaughter
  • Horse slaughter
  • Ike jime, a Japanese method of slaughtering fish
  • Meat
  • Pig slaughter
  • Udhiyyah or Qurbani, the sacrifice of a livestock beast co-ordinate to Islamic constabulary

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External links [edit]

  • Canada Agricultural Products Act R.S., 1985, c. twenty (4th Supp.)
  • Humane Slaughter of Livestock Regulations
  • Slovak Pig Slaughter and Traditional Sausage Making – article in English with detailed pictures of a Slovak family unit slaughtering a pig in the traditional manner
  • Alive Counter Virtually Slaughtered Animals Worldwide

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_slaughter

Posted by: harrispresucest.blogspot.com

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